The OSI Model Stack

The OSI Model breaks network communication into seven distinct layers, each with a specific job. Understanding this structure helps you pinpoint where problems occur.

The seven layers:

1. Physical — Cables, connectors, electrical signals
2. Data Link — MAC addresses, switches, VLANs
3. Network — IP addresses, routing
4. Transport — TCP/UDP, ports
5. Session — Connection management
6. Presentation — Data formatting, encryption
7. Application — User-facing software

Remember: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away